Response Surface Modelling and Multi-Objective Optimisation of Asphalt Binder and Mixture Properties Modified with Reclaimed Automotive Lubricants and Waste Glass Bottle Powder

Authors

• Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Sustainable Environment and Transportation Research Group (SET-RG), Department of Civil Engineering, Midlands, Durban University of Technology, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3021, South Africa AND Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, NigeriaFollow
• Jacob Adedayo Adedeji, Sustainable Environment and Transportation Research Group (SET-RG), Department of Civil Engineering, Midlands, Durban University of Technology, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3021, South Africa
• Luvuno Nkosinathi Jele, Sustainable Environment and Transportation Research Group (SET-RG), Department of Civil Engineering, Midlands, Durban University of Technology, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3021, South Africa
• Nasir Khan, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
• Aliyu Usman, Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
• Jacob Olumuyiwa Ikotun, Sustainable Environment and Transportation Research Group (SET-RG), Department of Civil Engineering, Midlands, Durban University of Technology, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3021, South Africa

Abstract

Large volumes of reclaimed automotive lubricant (RAL) and waste glass bottle powder (WGBP) are disposed of inappropriately, causing serious environmental concerns. Furthermore, the paradigm shift towards sustainability in the pavement industry has prompted academics to investigate alternatives to conventional materials. As a result, one possible approach is to use these waste products as alternative materials in the asphalt pavement sector. This study investigated the combined use of RAL and WGBP as complementary modifiers, extending beyond the conventional single-modifier approaches reported in previous studies. Thus, in this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilised to optimise and predict the synergistic effects of RAL as an asphalt binder replacement (0–10%) and WGBP (0–4%) as sustainable modifiers incorporated into 60/70 penetration grade asphalt binders. The responses evaluated were the binder's penetration, softening point, and specific gravity. Additionally, the mixture performance indicators include Marshall stability, flow, indirect tensile strength, the indirect tensile strength ratio, and Cantabro loss. The results demonstrate that the synergy of RAL and WGBP improves both conventional asphalt binder properties and asphalt mixture performance properties. The RSM developed statistically significant models, with key responses exhibiting high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.93), indicating strong predictive capability and low variance. Additionally, the RSM multi-objective optimisation revealed that the contents for performance improvement and optimal workability were 1.39% RAL and 3.6% WGBP. This shows the feasibility of using both liquid and solid wastes as complementary modifiers and providing a statistically sustainable developed asphalt pavement.

Recommended Citation

Yaro, Nura Shehu Aliyu; Adedeji, Jacob Adedayo; Jele, Luvuno Nkosinathi; Khan, Nasir; Usman, Aliyu; and Ikotun, Jacob Olumuyiwa (2026) "Response Surface Modelling and Multi-Objective Optimisation of Asphalt Binder and Mixture Properties Modified with Reclaimed Automotive Lubricants and Waste Glass Bottle Powder," Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies: Vol. 11: Iss. 2, Article 2.
https://doi.org/10.29187/2458-973X.1218
Available at: https://commons.yildiz.edu.tr/jscmt/vol11/iss2/2